Insect Pest Management in Stored Millets
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55446/IJE.2024.2403Keywords:
Stored millets, processed millet products, infestation, insect management, phosphine, hermetic storage, regulationsAbstract
Recognizing the significance of millets as Nutri-Cereals, India celebrated the National Year of Millets in 2018, and subsequently, as proposed by India, the FAO of the United Nations declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets (IYoM). Consequently, there has been an intensive drive, globally, to increase the production and popularise the consumption of whole as well as processed millets by creating an awareness about their significant health benefits and richness in nutritional elements. Besides food, millets play a role as feed and in industrial uses. In commensurate with anticipated higher production, storage and international trade of whole millets and their products, it is important to protect millets throughout the supply chain from stored grain insects, the predominant biotic agent responsible for their qualitative and quantitative losses. In this context, this review focusses on the type of insect infestation encountered in millets from field to consumer levels affecting their market value and causing consumer concern. Insect management techniques adopted by the stakeholders such as farmers, traders, and government grain storage agencies are discussed. Due to financial constraints, small holder farmers use traditional storages and insect management measures using locally available plant products. Like other cereals, fumigation with aluminium phosphide (phosphine) preparations has a major role in insect pest management in millets at various storage levels. Hermetic storage bags of different capacities are used in India and in other millet producing countries especially at farmers level as a valuable insect management tool for whole millets and seed materials. Powdered and processed millets have shorter shelf-life and are more vulnerable to insect attack during storage. Hence, there are studies to increase their shelf life and to check infestation by suitable packaging material. Alternate insect management techniques investigated include ozone treatment, protective packaging materials, screening and breeding of millet varieties that are resistant to grain insects National regulations pertinent to insect management in stored millets have also been discussed.
Downloads
Metrics
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Agrafioti P, Arthur F H, Athanassiou C G. 2023. Competition of Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae on six sorghum varieties. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 30(51): 110805-110811.
APEDA. 2023a. Export information and statistics. https://apeda.gov.in/milletportal/Export.html
APEDA. 2023b. E-catalogue for export of Indian millets: Italy. https://apeda.gov.in/milletportal/files/Italy_APEDA_Millets_Catalogue.pdf
Arthur F H, Bean S R, Smolensky D, Cox S, Lin H H, Peiris K H S, Peterson J. 2020a. Development of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on sorghum: Quality characteristics and varietal susceptibility. Journal of Stored Products Research 87: 101569.
Arthur F H, Bean S R, Smolensky D, Gerken A R, Siliveru K, Scully E D, Bakeer N. 2020b. Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on sorghum milling fractions. Journal of Stored Products Research 87: 101606.
BASAI 2023. Millet production in India during 2022-23. https://basai.org/wp- content/uploads/2023/12/Production-and-Consumption-of-Millets.pdf
Bhanderi G R, Radadiya G G, Patel D R. 2015a. Screening of sorghum genotypes against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.). International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11(1): 93-98.
Bhanderi G R, Radadiya G G, Patel D R. 2015b. Ecofriendly management of rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) in sorghum. Indian Journal of Entomology 77(3): 210-213.
Bhargude A R, Patil S K, Bhede B V. 2021. Susceptibility of selected cereal crops in storage to rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus). The Pharma Innovation Journal 10(1): 570-575.
Boopathy B, Rajan A, Radhakrishnan M. 2022. Ozone: An alternative fumigant in controlling the stored product insects and pests: a status report. Ozone: Science and Engineering 44(1): 79-95.
Campbell J F. 2023. Stored-product psocid behavior and its Implications for pest monitoring programs. In: Psocids as Global Pests of Stored products. CABI, 9781789245547.0005, 65-93.
Ceruti F C, Lazzari S M, Lazzari F A, Lorini I, Bacaltchuk B, Beckel H D, Deckers D, Sundfeld E, Santos J P, Biagi J D, Celaro J C, Faroni L R, Bortolini L, Sartori M, Elias M C, Guedes R N, Fonseca R G, Scussel V M. 2006. Combination of diatomaceous earth and temperature to control Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in pearl millet seeds. Proceedings. 9th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 2006. pp. 695-700.
Chandrashekar A, Satyanarayana K V. 2006. Disease and pest resistance in grains of sorghum and millets. Journal of Cereal Science 44(3): 287-304.
Ciepielewska D, Fornal L, Poplawska M. 2000. Infestation of buckwheat grain and its products by pests in storage facilities. Journal of Plant Protection Research 40(1): 30-34.
CWC 2015. Preservation of stacks. pp.38-39. https://cewacor.nic.in/Docs/manual2_1205020.pdf
Dakshinamurthy A, Regupathy A. 1988. Alternate ricefield hosts of the Angoumois grain moth. International Rice Research Newsletter 13: 42-43.
Divija S D, Kishor Kumar H D, Subramanya S. 2021. Oxygen scavenger: promising tool for the management of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in small millet rice. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 42(3): 1175 - 1180.
Ehisianya, C N, Stephen, A G, Onunka B N. 2022. Development of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and damage to selected flours in storage. Nigeria Agricultural Journal 53(2): 193-198.
FAO 2023. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
FSSAI 2023a. Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) Second Amendment Regulations, 2023. https://fssai.gov.in/upload/notifications/2023/02/63fdb05adf62csample. pdf
FSSAI 2023b. Food product standards: Cereal and cereal products. https://www.fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/5_%20Chapter%202_4%20(Cereals%20and%20Cereal%20products).pdf
FSSAI 2023c. Contaminants, toxins and residues. https://www.fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Contaminants_Regulations.pdf
Fufa N, Zeleke T, Abate B. 2021. Assessing storage insect pests and post-harvest loss of grain sorghum in Ethiopia. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences 10(3): 134-139.
Gadewar R, Vipin B, Prachi L, Ashish L, Ramesh P, Sanjiv C. 2017. The influence of some botanicals against rice weevil during storage in rabi sorghum. International Journal of Researches in Biosciences, Agriculture and Technology 5(1): 28-30.
Gadewar R, Rajesh G, Vipin B, Lambat P A, Atul B. 2018. Prevention of infestation of stored grain pest in forage pearl millet by organic grain protectants. International Journal of Researches in Biosciences, Agriculture and Technology 3(6): 212-214.
Gerken A R, Campbell J F. 2020. Oviposition and development of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on different types of flour. Agronomy 10(10): 1593.
Gerken A R, Dryer D, Campbell J F. 2023. Distance-based decision-making in oviposition by Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on low- and no-gluten flours. Journal of Economic Entomology 116(2): 605-614.
Ghelani Y H, Raghvani K L, Ghelani M K, Shah K D. 2017. Efficacy of insecticides as a fabric treatment for the management of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) infesting stored pearl millet seeds. Trends in Biosciences 10(48): 9655-9658.
Gondo D B, Dagobert K K, Eric K K, Djiwha D A S, Mamadou D. 2022. Diatomaceous earth effectiveness against two stored sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, 1794)] insects pest. American Journal of BioScience 10(5): 160-164.
Govindan K, Geethanjali S, Douressamy S, Pandiyan M, Brundha G. 2020. Effect of ten insecticidal plant powders on rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. and grain weight loss in stored sorghum. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9(5): 2700-2709.
Gourgouta M, Athanassiou C G, Arthur F H. 2021. Susceptibility of four different sorghum varieties to infestation by the Khapra beetle. Journal of Economic Entomology 114(3): 1373-1379.
Green P W C, Turner B D. 2005. Food-selection by the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). Journal of Stored Products Research 41(1): 103-113.
Gueye M T, Delobel A. 1999. Relative susceptibility of stored pearl millet products and fonio to insect infestation. Journal of Stored Products Research 35(3): 277-283.
Guru P N, Balakrishnan R, Nancy. 2023. Scientific management of insect infestation during storage of minor millets. Indian Farming 73(11): 29-34.
Hendrival H, Putra R L, Aryani D S. 2019. Susceptibility of sorghum cultivars to Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during storage. Planta Tropika 7(2): 110-6.
Jayashree M, Naganagoud N, Sreenivas A G, Somasekhar, Nidoni U. 2013. Management of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under modified atmospheric conditions on stored sorghum. Annals of Biology Research 4(7): 185-192.
Jhala J, Vyas A K, Rajput V S, Sharma S. 2019. Biology of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) on different host. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(5): 476-479.
Katti A, Awaknavar J S, Kambrekar D N, Patil M B, Patil S B. 2015. Survey and surveillance of storage insect pests of cereals and pulses and their natural enemies, in Vijayapur district. Journal of Biological Control 29(3): 139-144.
Khatavkar A, Sanjeev B, Milind S. 2021. Screening of sorghum genotypes against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) for their reaction. The Pharma Innovation Journal 10(9): 1978-1983.
Kordan B, Gabrys B. 2013. Effect of barley and buckwheat grain processing on the development and feeding of the confused flour beetle. Journal of Plant Protection Research 53(1): 96-102.
Kurre B L, Negi A, Loganathan M, Baskaran N, Meenatchi R. 2021. Fragment shedding behaviour ofRhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on pearl millet flour during storage. The Pharma Innovation Journal 10(10): 1180-1184.
Lale N E, Ajayi F A. 2000. Suppressing infestation of stored pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) with insecticidal essential oils in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 107(4): 392-398.
Lampiri E, Athanassiou C G, Arthur F H. 2021. Population growth and development of the Khapra beetle (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), on different sorghum fractions. Journal of Economic Entomology 114(1): 424-429.
Lampiri E, Scully E D, Arthur F H, Athanassiou C G. 2023. Development and immature mortality of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), on different sorghum fractions and different temperatures. Journal of Economic Entomology 116(2): 615-620.
Latha H C, Sowmya H C, Jagadish P S. 2015a. Studies on different storage structures on the shelf-life of Hurrihittu (ragi value-added product) against Sitophilus oryzae. International Journal of Plant Protection 8(1): 187-189.
Latha H C, Khan, H, Sowmya H C, Jagadish P S. 2015b. Shelf-life of vermicelli (ragi value added product) against Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum on different storage structure. Journal of Experimental Zoology India 18(1): 309-312.
Ludwiczak E, Nietupski M, Laszczak-Dawid A, Gabrys B, Kordan B, Purwin C. 2023. Influence of chemical composition and degree of fragmentation of millet grain on confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum Duv.) infestation. Agriculture 13(12): 2178.
Majeed M Z, Javed M, Khaliq A, Afzal M. 2016. Estimation of losses in some advanced sorghum genotypes incurred by red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum L. (Herbst.) (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 48(4), 1133-1139.
Mali P C, Satyavir S. 2005. Effect of storage environment and storage material on qualitative and quantitative losses in pearl millet. Annals of Arid Zone 44(2): 177-184.
Manandhar A, Paschal M, Ajay S. 2018. An overview of the post-harvest grain storage practices of smallholder farmers in developing countries. Agriculture 8(4): 57.
Meenatchi R, Loganathan M. 2022. Millet storage and pest management. Handbook of Millets - Processing, Quality, and Nutrition Status. Eds. Anandharamakrishnan C, Rawson A, Sunil C K. Springer, Singapore. pp. 49-61.
Modi G, Chhangani Y. 2023. Assessment of grain yield losses by different stored grain insect pests infesting pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 4(6): 2463-2467.
Mofokeng M A. 2016. Control strategies and breeding efforts in sorghum for resistance to storage weevils. African Journal of Agricultural Research 11(33): 3065-3073.
Morgan T D, Baker P, Kramer, K J, Basibuyuk H H, Quicke D L J. 2003. Metals in mandibles of stored product insects: do zinc and manganese enhance the ability of larvae to infest seeds? Journal of Stored Products Research 39(1): 65-75.
Mubayiwa M, Mvumi B M, Stathers T, Mlambo S, Nyabako N. 2021. Field evaluation of hermetic and synthetic pesticide-based technologies in smallholder sorghum grain storage in hot and arid climates. Scientific Reports 11: 3692.
Muniswamy K, Sugumar A, Yarrakula S, Manickam L. 2023. Effect of ozone fumigation on controlling common storage pest Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in proso millet during storage. Ozone: Science & Engineering 45(6): 543-559.
Mwenda E T, Ringo J H, Mbega E R, 2019. The implication of kernel phenology in convening resistance to storage weevil and varietal development in sorghum. Journal of Stored Products Research 83(1): 176-184.
NAAS 2022. Promoting Millet Production, Value Addition and Consumption. Policy Paper No. 114, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi. pp. 24.
Navi S S, Deshpande V K, Kulloli S D. 2006. Influence of seed colouring on rice weevil infestation during storability of hybrid sorghum. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 19(2): 287-290.
Nimbkar S, Raja V, Shanmugasundaram S, Sunil C K, Rawson A. 2022. Post-harvest treatments and storage of millets. Handbook of Millets - Processing, Quality, and Nutrition Status. Eds. Anandharamakrishnan C, Rawson A, Sunil C K. Springer, Singapore. pp. 151-171.
NSPM 11. 2005. Quarantine treatments and application procedures (methyl Bromide). Government of India, DPPQ&S, Faridabad. 63 pp.
NSPM 22. 2017. Guidelines for assessment, audit and accreditation of fumigation agencies for undertaking aluminium phosphide fumigation. Government of India, DPPQ&S, Faridabad. 48 pp.
NSPM 25. 2023. Guidelines for audit and accreditation of modified atmosphere / controlled treatment (MAT) as phytosanitary measures. Government of India, DPPQ&S, Faridabad. 44 pp.
Okori F, Cherotich S, Baidhe E, Komakech A J, Banadda N. 2022. Grain hermetic storage and post-harvest loss reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: effects on grain damage, weight loss, germination, insect infestation, and mold and mycotoxin contamination. Journal of Biosystems Engineering 47: 48-68.
Pawar S G, Pardeshi I L, Bajad V V, Surpam T B, Rokde H N. 2015. Ozone: A new controlled strategy for stored grain structures. Journal of Grain Processing and Storage 2(1): 1-10.
Phillips T W, Thoms E M, Demark J, Walse S. 2012. Fumigation. In: Stored Product Protection, Eds. Hagstrum D W, Phillips T W, Cuperus G. Kansas State University. Manhattan, KS, pp.157-178.
PIB 2023. Millets as smart-foods: Significance and benefits. https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/mar/doc2023318173501.pdf
PPQS 2023. Acts & Rules; National Standards. https://ppqs.gov.in/
Pradeep P. 2018. Seed quality parameters (germination percentage and seedling vigor index) of rabi sorghum seeds influenced by rice weevil infestation. MOJ Toxicology 4(6): 391-396.
Pragnya P, Mathad P F, Kumar R, Jha V. 2018a. Effects of different wholesale packaging materials on the shelflife of dehusked foxtail millet. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 27(5): 1-8.
Pragnya P, Kumar R, Mathad P F, Jha V. 2018b. Effects of different retail packaging materials on the shelflife of dehusked foxtail millet. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7(5): 1792-1799.
Preethi K, Ganapathy S, Bhuvaneshwari K. 2016. Hermetic storage of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Proceedings. 10th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (CAF2016), Winnipeg, Canada, 2016. pp. 274-279.
Rajasri M, Kavitha K. 2015. Storage pests attacking stored seeds and their management. Rashtriya Krishi 10(1): 1-5.
Rajendran S, Chayakumari. 2003. Insect infestation and control in stored grain sorghum and millets. Journal of Food Science and Technology 40(5): 451-457.
Rajendran S. 2016. Perfecting phosphine fumigations for food grain preservation and international trade in India. Proceedings. 10th International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (CAF2016), Winnipeg, Canada. pp. 195-200.
Rani S S, Justin C G L, Roseleen S S J. 2019. Evaluation of plant extracts against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored sorghum seeds. The Pharma Innovation Journal 8(8): 154-159.
Saini S, Saxena S, Samtiya M, Puniya M, Dhewa T. 2021. Potential of underutilized millets as Nutri-cereal: an overview.Journal of Food Science and Technology 58(12): 4465 - 4477.
Sathiamoorthy V, Balakrishnan M, Ganapathy S, Geetha P. 2021. Hermetic storage of de-hulled little millet at sub-atmospheric pressure: effect on mortality rate of Tribolium castaneum. The Pharma Innovation Journal 10(11): 1726-1733.
Sathiyaseelan M, Jayaraj J, Shanthi M, Sujatha K. 2023. Behavioural response of stored product insects to light and bait sources in paddy storage godown. Indian Journal of Entomology 85(2): 451-454.
Sendhil R, Joseph J, Akhilraj M, Sivasakthi Devi T, Swaminathan N, Pouchepparadjou A. 2023. Status of millets in India: trends and prospects. In: Sensitizing the Millet Farming, Consumption and Nutritional Security - Challenges and Opportunities. Eds. Pouchepparadjou A et al, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karaikal, India. pp 5-15.
Shah M A, Khan A A. 2014. Use of diatomaceous earth for the management of stored-product pests. International Journal of Pest Management 60(2):100-113.
Sharma H C, Alur A S, Ravinder Reddy C, Jayaraj K, Varaprasad V J, Varaprasad Reddy K M, Reddy B V S, Rai K N. 2007. Management of sorghum and pearl millet pests in bulk storage. Global Theme on Crop Improvement Project report. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. 20 pp.
Shobha D, Vasudevan S N, Badigannavar A. 2021. Effect of irradiation and packaging on the shelf life of foxtail millet flour. The Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences 55(3): 91-99.
Shobha D, Shubhashree K S, Kavali S, Badigannavar A. 2023. Influence of irradiation and packaging on the shelf life of white finger millet (ragi) [Eleusine coracana (L.)] flour. The Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences 57(2): 354-363.
Sivakumar S, Mohan M, Franco O L, Thayumanavan B. 2006. Inhibition of insect pest α-amylases by little and finger millet inhibitors. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 85(3): 155-160.
Subhashini M, Loganathan M, Natarajan V, Meenatchi R. 2024. Hot air and infrared heating methods as alternative control methods against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) and their effect on the physiochemical properties of finger millet (Eleusine corocana) flour, Journal of Stored Products Research 106, 102307.
Suleiman M, Rugumamu C P. 2017. Management of insect pests of stored sorghum using botanicals in Nigerian traditional stores. Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research 8(9): 93-102.
Swamy S V S G, Wesley B J. 2022. Incidence and diversity of stored product insects in processed millets. Indian Journal of Entomology 83(4): 660-664.
Swamy S V S G, Raja D S, Rao V V. 2023. Preference and progeny development of stored product insects in response to grain characteristics of millets. Cereal Research Communications 2023.
Swamy S V S G, Sandeep R D, Rao V V, Wesley B J. 2020. Preference of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to dehulled millet grains. The Andhra Agricultural Journal 67 Spl (IARD-2020): 71-74.
Turaki J M, Sastawa B M, Kabir B G J, Lale N E S. 2007. Susceptibility of flours derived from various cereal grains to infestation by the rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in different seasons. Journal of Plant Protection Research 47(3): 279-288.
Vachanth M C, Subbu-Rathinam K M, Preethi R, Loganathan M. 2010. Controlled atmosphere storage technique for safe storage of processed little millet. Academic Journal of Entomology 3(1): 12-14.
Vijay S, Bhuvaneswari K. 2017. Comparative development of sorghum, redgram and rice breeding population of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) feeding on cereals and split redgram dhal. Journal of Applied and Natural Science Foundation 9(4): 2507 - 2510.
Waongo A, Traore F, Ba M N, Dabire-Binso C, Murdock L L, Baributsa D, Sanon A. 2019. Effects of PICS bags on insect pests of sorghum during long-term storage in Burkina Faso. Journal of Stored Products Research 83: 261-266.
Yewle N, Swain K C, Mann S, Guru, P N. 2022. Performance of hermetic bags in green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] storage for managing pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis). Journal of Stored Products Research 95, 101896.
Zhai G, Wang H, Li S, Liu, H, Shao, J, Tao Y, Zou, G. 2016. Identification of genomic region associated with rice weevil resistance in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Journal of Stored Products Research 69: 166-171.
